Human Evolution Essay Example for Free

Human Evolution Essay The Evolutionary History of Life on earth traces the process by which living and fossil organisms have evolved since life on the planet first originated until the present day. According to research earth formed about 4.5 Ga (billion years) ago and life appeared on its surface within 1 billion years. The similarities between all present day organizes indicate the presence of a common ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. Every organism has an evolved life history pattern. A life history pattern in which the way time and energy are allocated between growth, maintenance and reproduction. The Evolution of Human Behavior promotes there have been three major life history transactions toward later sexual maturation and longer lifespan. Such as; Prosimians to Monkeys, Monkeys to Apes and Apes to Humans, these patterns of life history characteristics resulting in parental care over long developing periods of human life’s expendency. In my opinion, in order for one must first find out what their genes have been up to in their past history and what they want in their present type of environment plays a big part as to where their future lifespan reaches. We have to consider both the successes and problems causing failures of attempts to use natural instincts to understand fully human behavior and reproduction. Human sexual selection is also an explanation for human social differences in which the human race evolves. Another behavioral perspective is the conclusion concerning the evolutionary base for differences in behavioral between men and woman. In addition, using survival skills such as; behavior in planning, consciousness, emotions, awareness and moral sense that often accompany what we do plays a big part in our destiny. According to anthropologist George Armelagos, ancient teeth tell us secrets that may relate to modern-day health: Some stressful events that occurred early in development are linked to shorte r life spans. Prehistoric remains are providing strong, physical evidence that people who acquired tooth enamel defects while in the womb or early childhood tended to die earlier, even if they survived to adulthood. The idea that many adult diseases originated during the fetal development and early childhood. Teeth are like a snapshot into the past, the evidence is  there and it is indisputable. Over half of the baby boomers here in America are going to see their hundredth birthday come to an excellent health. There will also be the other percent that will get to experience a shortened lifespan due to the lack of health effects in evolution ending in aging without children. Insurance companies are trying to promote and incorporate- The Die Younger plan so they can save millions of dollars on social security since they are running out. Not only are insurance companies promoting this plan but the child’s parent or guardian is also the cause of their shorter lifespan. The plan is pushing to encouraging Baby Boomers to smoke, eat fatty food, drink excessively, not exercise, and to generally burn the candle at both ends. In addition, the retirement age to be raised so Boomers have to keep working and live under a lot of stress causing them to have a shortened lifespan. The parents are not taking care of their healthy lifestyles but promoting bad eating and lack of exercise habits. In conclusion, health is an important role and affects one’s lifespan in evolution. So, unless we start taking better care of our health and habits we will not be able to elongate our life’s but shorten it instead. As the saying goes, what you do now reflects on your future.

One Summer’s Transformation :: World Cup Korea Sports Soccer Essays

One Summer’s Transformation Never in my life before have I been so proud to say that I am Korean. I call myself Korean-American, but before I used to consider myself to be more American than Korean. I live in this country, speak English, and am fully immersed in American culture. America is my home, and I am proud of that. However, the same could not be said of my Korean heritage. I was never ashamed, but neither did I feel any particular pride in it. That was the case until this summer’s World Cup 2002, co-hosted by Japan and Korea. Though not an extremely passionate soccer fan before, I started to watch the world cup with increasing interest. The first day when the USA beat "unstoppable" Portugal, whose team consisted of Luis Figo, one of the world's best soccer players, Rui Costa, Sergio Conà §eicao, and a pool of the best European talent, I was happy. However, then something remarkable happened to me. The next day, I woke up at seven o'clock in the morning to watch the South Korea vs. Poland match. I had never seen an Asian team play with so much class against a tough European team. I was really excited to see Korea win the match 2-0. During those final extra minutes of the match when I knew Korea was going to win, a seed of pride was planted in me. From then on, I was nothing but an avid "Dae Han Min Guk" (South Korea) fan. The ESPN sportscasters said that they had never heard so much cheering in their lives before, and I felt the same exactly the same as the fans in the stands. It was the first Korean win in five world cup appearance. The next match was played between Korea and the USA. I woke at two o’clock in the morning to watch with some of my friends. This time I wished for a tie because I loved both the USA and Korea. To my surprise, the game actually did end in a tie. Both my favorite teams were most likely on their way to the second round. During the final game of group play, Korea beat Portugal in dramatic fashion. The winning goal by Park Ji Sung, an upcoming star, was polled by the FIFA website, the official website of the tournament, to be one of best of the World Cup.

Carroway Clothing Essay

Re: Current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing options. Thank you for the opportunity to address the current accounting issues, employment benefits and financing options facing Carroway Clothing Limited (CCL) 1. SR& ED and Development costs treatment: In reviewing the financial statements it appears that the development costs and SR&ED treatment may not have been recorded appropriately. The SR&ED are tax credits to be used towards taxable income and should not have been recorded as government grants. Since CCL may not have needed them in the initial years, it can use SR&ED tax credits against taxable income in the future. It is necessary to identify all SR$ERD activities for proper recording practices so that the credits generated by the SR&ED can be used against future income. The $975,000 development costs can be expensed or capitalized depending on if the following criteria are met The project is technically feasible CCL intends of complete the project CCL has the ability to use or sell the product There is probability of future economic benefit will be generated Availability of adequate technical and financial recourses CCL has the ability to measure reliably the expenditures attribute to it. Since the Walton Work Wear line is in the production stage, its accumulated development costs should be capitalized. The Carroway Cool Top has not started it commercial production which would allow the development costs not to be amortized yet. Also interest costs on loans to generate financing for the R&D activates of a product can be capitalized rather than expensed. The capitalization of interest would allow CCL to reduce taxable income in the future when it is more profitable. I would recommend that CCL make the above changes immediately so that the financail statements are not incorrect. These changes would help CCL reduce its future taxable income when it may be more profitable. 2. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. CCL currently has no allowance for bad debts. Even though CCL does not have issue with uncollectible, having an allowance account will provide CCL with the ability to write off debts such as the disputed shipment. Without being able to write off the shipment, will leave the Accounts Receivables overstated, which in turn leads to misstated financial statements. Having an AFDA would allow CCL to record the sale but also recognise that they do not expect payment from the client. Leaving this account on the accounts receivable would be misleading to CCL’s stakeholders as it would lead them to believe that CCL is expecting to receive the cash in the near future. IF in the future, the dispute is resolved and the payment is received, CCL can recover the bad debt at that time. I would recommend that CCL create a policy regarding Accounts Receivables immediately. The method for determining the bad debt amount should be determined by CCL management. Methods such a percentage of sales or a percentage of Account Receivables can be used. Whichever method is chosen, it should be consistent from year to year and the amount should be reasonable. 3. Long Term Debt or Initial Public offering. CCL is currently looking at an initial public offering (IPO) and long term debt as two options to help finance the new research and development (R&D) of new products. The bank loan can provided financial stability but will have the interest repaid over a longer time is higher and would be tax deductible. Banks may require financial statements that are audited. CCL will need to be able to prove that it can repay the loan as well as the interest. It may also be required to maintain a debt to equity ratio that may prevent it from taking advantage of other opportunities in the future. An IPO offering has the potential to increase capital which would improve financial rations such as the debt to equity. The increased cash flow will help CCL pay it current payables and reduce debt by negotiating better interest rates in the future. The disadvantage to an IPO would be the potential to lose control over the company and having to be more accountable to other investors. The IPO would also require the financial statement and note disclosure to conform to more stringent requirements, which increase the cost of producing the financial statements. Financial statements will need to follow IFRS and securities regulators generally require 3 years of annual audited financials. It should also be noted that there is a significant cost to offering an IPO and it can be difficult to evaluate the stock price of the shares. I would recommend that CCL consider the IPO as a viable on to its financing issue as it will be more beneficial in the long term. The change from ASPE to IFRS will be a short term challenge but can be overcome with appropriate professional assistance. I would highly recommend that CCL seek the opinion and assistance of a professional who deals with IPO’s. 4. Employee Stock Options. CCL is considering providing employees stock options as a way to reward its employees. As a CCPC, CCL will have no tax consequence for the employees receiving the stock options until they dispose of the shares. The amount taxed as employment income in the year of disposal is the difference between the option price and the FMV of the shares at the time of the option was exercised. The employee may be able to claim a deduction from taxable income equal to half this amount if the shares were worth less than the exercise price when the option was issued or the employee hold the shares for at least two years before selling the shares. There are many alternatives to rewarding employees besides cash bonuses and stock options. Options can range from published recognition to merchandise such as shirts that the company makes. Time off with pay can also work to  motivate employees for hard work. I would recommend that CCL consider alternatives such as free products and time off as these will be less costly to provide than the stock options. Doing an employee survey would provide feedback to the rewards that the employees would value most. 5. Legal issues CCL is currently facing a pending lawsuit regarding a chemical leak and the non-compliance with environmental regulations. When both of the following conditions are met the amount of the contingent loss must be accrued. Disclosure will be need if the following conditions are met: The likely hood that the verdict will be against CCL A reasonable estimate of the amount o f the lawsuit can be made. The lawsuit may also lead customers and the public to believe that CCL acted negligently. This will reflect poorly on CCL and may lead to decreased sales and a damaged reputation If there is no accrual, there should be disclosure in the financial notes, stating the nature of the contingency, estimate of the amount or that an estimate cannot be made and exposure to loss in excess of the amount accrued. If CCL does not disclose, it would be misleading to the financial statement user. I would recommend that CCL consult with their legal advisors immediately to determine the likelihood of a lawsuit and the potential liabilities. Also, CCL should be prepared to address the negative publicity that the lawsuit may create. Should you require further clarification on any matters, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Portfolio Theories and the minimization of Risk - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1313 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The fundamental goal of Portfolio theory is to determine efficient way of portfolio selection in order to minimize risk of portfolio to specific extent as it possible and, thus, to maximize return of assets. To achieve this aim it is necessary to provide the diversification of portfolio (Crouhy,Galai, Mark, 2006:110). Diversification is able to find solution in order to reduce the possibility of specific risks existence (McClure, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Portfolio Theories and the minimization of Risk" essay for you Create order However, portfolio theory has limits: systematic risk cant be removed by diversification (McClure, 2010). Historical trends are helpful to foresee upcoming return and risk, but past analysis not always impacts on further data. Arnold (2008:273) highlight past trends lead to particular extent, but the possibility of making mistake is high. Huge amount of profit can influence on calculation, which is difficult to account (Arnold,2008:273). Capital Asset Pricing Model theory is beneficial to find solution to avoid specific risk by diversification, also allows avoiding systematic risk by calculation of beta. Beta is compensation for taking systematic risk, that allows understand why a portfolio has distinguish expected returns (Lim, 2009). Nevertheless CAPM has disadvantages: Roll (as sited by Fama and French, 2004:41) supposes that as the reason of measurement instruments use proxies, not adequate market portfolio, it doesnt give clear understanding of CAPM. Fama and French deb ate that beta is not useful in explanation of nature financial statements as returns, stated on current rates and other financial securities (Jonathan Berk, Peter DeMarzo, 2007:393). To predict future returns the CAPM theory use the past data, which could give error results (Jonathan Berk, Peter DeMarzo, 2007: 389). Black-Scholes Model The advantage of the Black-Scholes model is possibility to compute a huge number of option prices in a small period of time. In addition, Black-Scholes is the first congruent concept is recognised by traders, it is applicable almost in all business scopes of trade. Black-Scholes is very flexible in using, particularly, in calculations and mathematic approaches, and there are several versions of Black-Scholes In other hand, there are serious limitations as difficulties in dividends, the formula is suitable for only call options, and does not sufficient in early-exercise options or American style options. There are problems with modification of formulas versions, and the conditions are not always realistic (Ward, 2004:217). Modigliani and Millers theory argues the level of companys prosperity does not depend on assets diversification, and proves the benefits from financial debts. Gearing is efficient because it gives an essential opportunity to reduce governmental taxes, however, there is a threat of risk, restrictions in precision and a high level of systems complexity (Crouhy,Galai, Mark, 2006:433-437). TYPES OF FINANCIAL RISKS There are several types of financial risk factors impact current economy. All factors influence on the organizations is working with cash flows. Each factor could change range of risk in financial institutions, or even can lead to bankruptcy. In most situations this risk interrelated with each other. All of this risk played own role before and after financial crisis and bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc in USA which influenced negatively to current world economy. According to Jorian (2009:247) there are several key elements of financial risk: market risk, credit risk liquidity risk and operation risk. Market risk includes interest rate risk, equity price risk, commodity risk, foreign exchange risk (Crouhy, M., Galai, D., Mark, R., 2006:27). All these key risk elements causes to financial crisis which began in 2007. Interest rate risk is a product of process in changing of percentage rates that can negatively impact to financial institutions. It is not independent from economical, political factors and volatility of inflation (Homer, Sylla, 2005:10). The bright example is financial crisis and bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holding, Inc. One of the aspects that led to financial crisis and bankruptcy was fall of houses prices, however interest rate increased, and consequently there were difficulties in refinancing in many parts of USA in 2006-2007. And many construction companies suffered from increase of interest rates (Vine, Magaldi, 2009) . Foreign exchange risk is volatility of currency rate that can threat to financial institutions. The substantial reasons of fluctuation are volatility of currency rate and unpredictability of international interest rates (Crouhy, M., Galai, D., Mark, R., 2006:28). This type of risk could happen in Airbus Company. Decreasing dollars can lead company to bankruptcy. The significant problem that major part of company manufacturing in Europe and consumptions cost in euro, however it selling planes in a sector which currency is USA dollar. For instance, two years ago Airbus A380 was cost $ 300 million dollars which is 170 million pounds. Now currency is changed, and if Company exchanged dollars to pounds with today currency, they would lose approximately 15% or 25 million pounds (Lea, 2007). Credit risk could take place in financial institution when debtors couldnt pay back debt. There are a lot of factors that can lead to appearance this risk such as market risk and others. Also it integrates with all of other types of risk. For example, in USA when interest risk went up and prices for houses went down most of construction companies couldnt pay back money to banks and it led to financial crisis (Vine, Magaldi, 2009). One of the factors of Irish crisis was that people, who took loans, couldnt give back debts At the end of September, more than 40,000 mortgage loans had been in arrears for more than 90 days. Combined, the mortgage loans are worth ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬7.8 billion ($10.6B) (Boulden, 2010). Liquidity risks components are funding liquidity and asset liquidity. This risk occurs when in conditions of supplys existence there is no consumption and when financial institution couldnt sell immediately production or their assets (Crouhy, M., Galai, D., Mark, R., 2006:30). As it was mentioned before, that most of Constructions Company suffered from liquidity risk, because there was no demand for houses, therefore there were no opportunities to sell real estate and if they couldnt sell properties and pay debt (Vine, Magaldi, 2009). RISK MANAGEMET AND TOOLS The risk management is essential part of financial institutions that helps to identify risk and to avoid or cut risk. It was important to identify risk in order avoid Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, however it had poor management and was one of the big mistakes of the company (WHEELHOUSE ADVISORS, 2010). And most of researches and risk managers consider Lehman Brothers observations with aim to avoid mistakes in the future. And there is a lot of information in books suggestions from observers to risk managers. The tools, which are helpful to avoid risk, have own pros and cons. One of them is diversification, which avoids risk through dividing assets and reducing risk of portfolios. Thus, decline of share value is compensated by growth another (Glantz, 2003:488). Diversification illustrates that there is a threat to put all money in one wallet, because if you lose the wallet, you can lose all your money. In other way, it suggests to split your money into different cells. H owever disadvantage of diversification does not solve a systematic risk. When financial crisis happened most of sectors suffered, and diversification did not help in that situation to stop looses in assets (Lepetit, 2010). Hedging is effective way of managing risk in unstable economic situation, and its purpose is to protect from negatively movements in prices and everything can affect your well-being such as rates of currencies, interest rates, loans rates, the prices of gold and oil and others factors (Berk, DeMarzo, 2007:946). In order to produce gasoline it is reasonable to buy oil, however in the conditions of instability of prices on oil there is threat of oil prices decrease when it is a time to sell petroleum to the consumer, moreover, nobody will not to buy it at that price in which you have put the expenses. Therefore, to be insured from this serious trouble, it is necessary to sign a contract or another way it calls put option with fix quantity and prices of product without any changes. Certainly, it is dangerous options of losing of potential profit as a consequence of oil prices growth (Berk, DeMarzo, 2007:937).